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Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a complex condition that affects many people worldwide. This condition occurs when the brain has difficulty coordinating signals properly, causing various symptoms without structural brain damage. Functional neurological disorder symptoms vary widely and can affect movement, sensation, or cognitive function. Patients may experience tremors, seizures, weakness, or sensory loss that…

Astrocyte reactivity is the brain’s inflammatory response to injury or stress. This process activates white blood cells that release substances to fight off threats. Though beneficial in brief episodes, persistent inflammation damages brain function. The link between brain inflammation and cognitive decline is increasingly evident. Chronic inflammation damages nerve cells and disrupts communication between them,…

Twin studies represent a powerful approach in neuroscience research, also known as behavioral genetics. This method examines similarities and differences between identical and fraternal twins. It helps researchers distinguish between genetic and environmental roles in shaping neurological traits and disorders. This analysis is crucial for identifying how hereditary and environmental factors contribute to neurological characteristics…

Naps can have both benefits and drawbacks for brain health. A quick nap may boost alertness, memory, and mood. Research shows short naps, around 20-30 minutes, improve mental performance. They help consolidate memories and sharpen focus, making them attractive to busy people seeking clearer thinking. Napping can also reduce stress and support emotional well-being. However,…