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Infection in Central Nervous System – Symptoms and Causes

Scott Loeb DO
Medically reviewed by Dr. Loeb
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Scott Loeb DO
Medically reviewed by Dr. Loeb

Are you experiencing intense headaches, a rigid neck, and feelings of sickness? These signs could state a possible infection in the central nervous system. It comprises the brain and spinal cord.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment are necessary for this critical system infection. Because it poses a severe health risk. The central nervous system’s control over essential bodily functions makes infections potentially life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.

Either viruses or bacteria predominantly cause central nervous system infections. Viral infections such as herpes or enteroviruses can attack the brain and spinal cord. Bacterial infections can lead to ailments like meningitis, encephalitis, and a brain abscess. The most common symptoms of CNS infections are headache and fever. Hence, it is crucial to get a medical check-up to diagnose the root cause correctly.

 

Understanding Infections in the Central Nervous System

Understanding the causes and symptoms of CNS infections is critical for prompt diagnosis and treatment.

The CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord. When an infection affects the CNS, it can lead to meninges, brain, or spinal cord inflammation. 

Signs of a CNS infection include:

  • Headache, stiff neck, and fever: The most common symptoms. A severe headache, especially if accompanied by a stiff neck and high fever, could indicate meningitis or encephalitis.
  • Confusion or impaired thinking: Not thinking clearly can be a symptom of encephalitis.
  • Seizures or convulsions: Seizures may occur with encephalitis, meningitis, or other CNS infections. Seek emergency care immediately if someone experiences seizures.
  • Weakness or numbness: Inflammation putting pressure on nerves can cause weakness, numbness, or paralysis.

CNS germs require immediate medical care. It can prevent you from severe neurological issues. So, consult a doctor when you notice symptoms that point to this condition.

infection in central nervous system

 

Common Infections Affecting the Central Nervous System

Your central nervous system is a complex network of nerves and brain structures. They control human functioning. But sometimes, this vital system can be threatened by common infections. Each of them has its characteristics and symptoms. Mainly, they affect the spinal cord and brain:

  • One such central nervous system infection is acute encephalitis. Various microorganisms can cause it. It can also be transmitted through insects. This inflammation can damage nerve cells and cause severe symptoms.
  • Another well-known example is viral mononucleosis. It can also affect the CNS. The Epstein-Barr virus causes this viral disease. And in most cases, it entails symptoms such as loss of strength, fever, and throat irritation.

These infections are just two of the many diseases that can affect the CNS. Although they seem scary, it is crucial to know that most people who become infected recover. However, they still pose a significant health risk. So, it is crucial to take preventive measures to avoid this. Do you want to learn more about these types of CNS infections to detect them earlier? Read on:

Encephalitis

Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue. The most common causes are herpes simplex, West Nile, and enteroviruses. Symptoms of encephalitis include:

  • Headache;
  • Fever;
  • Confusion or impaired thinking;
  • Seizures;
  • Loss of consciousness or coma.

This problem requires urgent treatment. Therefore, see a doctor immediately if you have these symptoms of CNS infection.

Brain Abscess

A brain abscess results from an infection in the brain. It is a reason for bacteria or fungi that enter the brain. Symptoms of a brain abscess include:

  • Persistent headache;
  • Seizures;
  • Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body;
  • Nausea and vomiting;
  • Loss of coordination or balance.

Doctors use imaging scans, blood tests, and a brain biopsy to diagnose an abscess. Treatment involves surgically draining and intensive antibiotic therapy. Without treatment, this CNS infection can be fatal.

 

Bacterial Infections in the Central Nervous System

Children are taught to wash their hands from childhood. Because when they don’t do that, bacteria will appear in the body. And when they wander around it, they can cause many diseases. Some of the most challenging bacteria are those that enter the CNS. Once there, they pose a significant threat. They can cause infection in the central nervous system, which can lead to complications.

  • One example of a bacterial infection in the nervous system is meningitis. 
  • Another bacterial infection that can affect the nervous system is a brain abscess. 

Such bacterial infections usually require treatment with antibiotics. In case of complications, doctors take more serious treatment measures. So what other bacterial CNS infections are there? Keep reading:

Bacterial Meningitis

It is an infection of the meninges. It is the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be a reason for bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. Symptoms of this central nervous system infection include:

  • Fever;
  • Headache;
  • Stiff neck;
  • Confusion;
  • Seizures. 

If you detect it early, you can treat bacterial meningitis with antibiotics. But it can lead to brain damage, disability, or death if you do not adequately treat it.

Tuberculosis (TB) Meningitis

It usually occurs in people with an active form of tuberculosis. The bacteria can enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body. If they reach the meninges, they cause inflammation. This process can damage the meninges and render a variety of symptoms:

  • General fatigue;
  • Loss of appetite;
  • Headache;
  • Seizures;
  • Changes in consciousness.

You need a medical consultation to diagnose and treat this type of CNS infection. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment can help prevent complications.

Brain Abscess Caused by Bacteria

It forms when pus accumulates in the brain tissue due to an infection from bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or streptococci. Symptoms of this central nervous system infection include:

  • Headache;
  • Fever; 
  • Weakness;
  • Confusion;
  • Seizures. 

Depending on the location and size of the abscess, symptoms may vary. It usually leads to nerve tissue damage. So, it is crucial to detect this disease as early as possible. 

 

Viral Infections in the Central Nervous Systemviral infection

Viral infections pose a particular threat to human health. These cunning pathogens can penetrate protective barriers. For example, this happens through the blood-brain barrier, from where they can affect the nervous tissue. 

One of these viruses that causes CNS infections is the Neurotrophic Inflammatory Virus. Once it enters the body, it begins to multiply and affects the nervous tissue. It can lead to severe consequences, including paralysis and other neurological defects.

Modern medicine focuses its efforts on studying such central nervous system infections. But over time, more and more of them appear. So it requires more time to learn. But at least you should be familiar with the primary viral infections. Among them are:

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is a cause of viruses such as enteroviruses. It is the most common cause of meningitis. Symptoms include:

  • Fever;
  • Headache;
  • Stiff neck;
  • Sensitivity to light. 

While usually self-limiting, you may need hospitalization for pain management.

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE)

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) is a rare but severe form of viral encephalitis known as HSE. Symptoms of this CNS infection include:

  • Fever;
  • Headache;
  • Seizures;
  • Focal neurological deficits;
  • Impaired consciousness. 

Without treatment, HSE is fatal in 70% of cases. Antiviral drugs such as acyclovir can reduce morbidity and mortality.

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a demyelinating infection in the central nervous system. It is a consequence of the reactivation of the JC virus:

  • PML occurs primarily in immunocompromised individuals. 
  • Progressive neurological deficits, impaired cognition, weakness, and ataxia characterize it. 

Although rare, PML can be fatal within 6-12 months without treatment. Restoration of immune function may stabilize disease progression.

 

Fungal and Parasitic Infections in the Central Nervous System

These diseases are among humanity’s most complex and dangerous illnesses. Various microorganisms cause these CNS infections. A characteristic feature of fungal and parasitic infections is their ability to multiply. They spread extremely quickly throughout the body. And most often, the central nervous system is affected. 

One of the most famous parasites that can attack the nervous system is Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite can go through contaminated food or water. It causes coordination disorders and even mental disorders.

Early detection of such central nervous system infections is critical. And what other fungal and parasitic infections are there? Read the following examples:

Cryptococcal Meningitis

It often affects people with weakened immune systems. If you leave it untreated, it can be life-threatening. Symptoms of it can include:

  • Headache;
  • Fever;
  • Nausea, and vomiting;
  • Vision problems.

Its treatment involves antifungal medications. They are usually fluconazole or amphotericin B for at least 6-12 months.

Cerebral Toxoplasmosis

In people with weakened immunity, the parasite can reactivate and spread to the brain. It causes Cerebral Toxoplasmosis. Symptoms of this CNS infection include:

  • Headache;
  • Confusion or delirium;
  • Seizures;
  • Fever;
  • Nausea and vomiting.

People need blood tests and imaging scans for their diagnosis. Usually, for its treatment, doctors prescribe antiparasitic medications to reduce inflammation.

symptoms of cns infection

Symptoms of Central Nervous System Infections

Symptoms reflect specific problems in the body. And they are all different. Infectious diseases have certain symptoms. After all, it manifests itself clearly and noticeably. Significantly when it seriously disrupts the body’s central nervous system. Knowing these signs is very important to prevent progression. The sooner you recognize it, the sooner you can treat it. So the most common symptoms are:

  • Headache 

A common symptom of a central nervous system infection is a headache. You may feel a dull, sharp, or throbbing sensation in your head. This manifestation can range from mild to severe. 

  • Fever

Fever is one of the most common signs of CNS infection. Your body temperature may rise as you try to fight off invading microbes. Fever is usually above 101 degrees Fahrenheit or 38.3 degrees Celsius. 

  • Changes in mental state or perception

Such states can also lead to changes in thinking, awareness, and behavior. Confusion, delirium, memory problems, and drowsiness may occur. 

  • Seizures 

Infections of the central nervous system may cause seizures. The cause is inflammation, swelling, or direct injury. If a seizure occurs, immediate medical attention is required.

 

A Word From Lone Star Neurology 

Everything around us can carry certain infections. Dirty hands or mosquito-borne conditions can threaten your body in one way or another. And it has serious difficult consequences for your nerves.

If you are facing such problems, contact Lone Star Neurologists. Our specialists use modern methods of treatment and examination. So we can detect your neurological issues early and help you recover.

 

FAQ

  • What causes infection in the central nervous system?

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites cause it. These pathogens can enter the CNS and provoke infections.

  • What is the most common central nervous system infection?

The most common is viral meningitis. It is a relatively common infection, especially during the summer and fall.

  • Do CNS infections go away?

Yes, you can do it with appropriate medical interventions. They allow the infection to go away completely.

  • How long does it take for CNS to heal?

It depends on the type and severity of the condition. With effective treatment, you can heal it in weeks or months.

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Edward Medina
Edward Medina
15:34 30 Jun 22
Just such an amazing staff that makes you feel like part of their family. I’ve been going there for over 5 years now... and each visit I get the very best care and treatments that I have ever received in the 20+ years that I’ve been dealing with severe debilitating migraines. Since i started seeing them the number of my migraines has dropped from 15-20 a month to 2-3 every 3 month. I highly recommend them …they will change your life!read more
Daneisha Johnson
Daneisha Johnson
22:20 19 May 22
Dr. Askari was very kind and explained everything so I could understand. The other staff were nice as well. I would... have gave 5 stars but I was a little taken aback when I checked in and had to pay 600.00 upfront. I think that should have been discussed in a appointment confirmation call or email just so I could have been prepared.read more
Jean Cooper
Jean Cooper
16:54 29 Apr 22
I love the office staff they are friendly and very helpful. Dr. JODIE is very caring and understanding to your needs... and wants to help you. I will go back. would recommend Dr. Dr. Jodie to other Patients in a heart beat. The team works well together.read more
Linda M
Linda M
19:40 02 Apr 22
I was obviously stressed, needing to see a neurologist. The staff was so patient and Dr. Ansari was so kind. At one... point he told me to relax, we have time, when I was relaying my history of my condition. That helped ease my stress. I have seen 3 other neurologists and he was the only one who performed any assessment tests on my cognitive and physical skills. At one point I couldn't complete two assessments and got upset and cried. I was told, it's OK. That's why you're here. I was truly impressed, and super pleased with the whole experience!read more
Leslie Durham
Leslie Durham
15:05 01 Apr 22
I've been coming here for about 5 years. The staff are ALWAYS friendly and knowledgeable. The Doctors are the absolute... best!! Jodie Moore is always in such a great mood which is a plus when you are already stressed. Highly recommendedread more
Monica Del Bosque
Monica Del Bosque
14:13 25 Mar 22
Since my first post my thoughts have changed here. It's unfortunate. My doctor and PA were great, but the office staff... is horrible. They never call you back when they say they will, they misinform you, they cause you too much stress wondering what's going on, they don't keep you posted. They never answer the phone. At this point I've left four messages in the last week, and I have sent three messages. Twice from their portal and one direct email. No response. My appointment is on Monday morning at 8:30am, no confirmation on my insurance and what's going on. What the heck is going on, this is ridiculous!I've given up... the stress her office staff has put me through is just not worth it. You can do so much better, please clean house, either change out your office staff, or find a way for them to be more efficient please. You have to do something. This is not how you want to run your practice. It leaves a very bad impression on your business.read more
Ron Buckholz
Ron Buckholz
23:32 23 Mar 22
I was actually pleasantly surprised with this visit! It took me a long time to get the appointment scheduled because no... one answers your phones EVER! After a month, I finally got in, and your staff was warm, friendly, and I was totally impressed! I feel like you will take care of my needs!read more
Steve Nabavi
Steve Nabavi
16:28 16 Mar 22
It was a nice visit. Happy staff doing all they can do to comfort the patients in a very calming environment. You ask... me they are earned a big gold star on the fridge. My only complaint they didn't give me any cookies.read more
Katie Lewis
Katie Lewis
16:10 10 Feb 22
Had very positive appointments with Jodie and Dr. Sheth for my migraine care. Jodie was so fast with the injections and... has so much valuable info. I started to feel light headed during checkout and the staff was SO helpful—giving me a chair, water, and taking me into a private room until I felt better. Highly recommend this practice for migraine patients, they know what they’re doing!!read more
Joshua Martinez
Joshua Martinez
16:02 10 Dec 21
I was scheduled to be checked and just want to say that the staff was fantastic. They were kind and helpful. I was... asked many questions related to what was going on and not once did I feel as though I was being brushed off. The front desk staff was especially great in assisting me. I'm scheduled to go back for a mri and am glad that I'll be going there.read more
Isabel Ivy
Isabel Ivy
21:42 03 Nov 21
I had such a good experience with Lone Star Neurology, Brent my MRI Tech was so awesome and made sure I was very... comfortable during the appointment. He gave me ear plugs, a pillow, leg support and blanket, easiest MRI ever lol 🤣 My 72 hour EEG nurse Amanda was also so awesome. She made sure I was take care of over the 3 days and took her time with the electrodes to make sure it was comfortable for me! Paige was also a huge help in answering all my questions when it came to my test results, and letting me know her honest opinions about how I should go forth with my treatment.read more
Leslie Luce
Leslie Luce
17:37 20 Oct 21
The professionalism and want to help attitude of this office was present from the moment I contacted them. The follow... up and follow through as well as their willingness to find a way to schedule my dad was above and beyond. We visited two offices in the same day with the same experience. I am appreciative of this—we spend a lot of time with doctors and this was top notch start to finish.read more
robert Parker
robert Parker
16:38 16 Apr 21
I love going to this office. The staff is friendly and helpful. The doctor is great. I am getting the best... neurological tests and treatment I have ever had. The only reason I did not give them a 5 star rating is because it is impossible to reach a live person at the office to reschedule appointments. Every time I have tried to get through to the office it says all people are busy and I am sent to a voicemail. If they could get their phone answering fixed, I would give them a strong 5 stars.read more
MaryAnn Hornbaker
MaryAnn Hornbaker
00:26 25 Feb 21
Dr. Harney is an excellent Dr. I found him friendly , personable and thorough. I evidently am an unusual case. ... Therefore he spent a Hugh amount of time educating me. He even gave me literature to further explain my condition and how to follow up. This is something you rarely get from your doctors. So I am more than please with my doctor and his staff.read more
Roger Arguello
Roger Arguello
03:05 29 Jan 21
Always courteous, professional. The staff is very friendly and always work with you to find the best appointment time.... The care team has been great. Always taking the time to listen to your concerns and to find the best treatment.read more
Margaret Rowland
Margaret Rowland
01:12 27 Jan 21
I have been a patient at Lone Star Neurology for several years. Now both my adult daughters also are patients there. I... love Jodie. She is always so prompt whether it is a teleamed call are a visit in the office. She takes the time to explain everything to me and answers all my questions. I am so blessed to have Jodie as my doctor.read more
Susan Miller
Susan Miller
03:01 13 Jan 21
My husband had an accident 5 years ago and Lone Star Neurology has been such a blessing to us with my husbands care.... Jodie Moore is his provider and she is amazing! Jodie is very knowledgeable, caring, and thorough. She takes her time with you, making sure your needs are met and she is happy to answer any questions you may have. Lone Star Neurology’s patients are very lucky to have Jodie providing their care. Thank you Lone Star Neurology and especially Jodie for everything you have done for us. Jodie, you are the best!read more
Windalyn C
Windalyn C
01:32 09 Jan 21
Jodie is wonderful. She is very caring and knowledgeable. I have been to over a dozen neurologists, and none were able... to help me as much as they have here. Thanks!read more
Katie Kordel
Katie Kordel
00:40 09 Jan 21
Jodi Moore, nurse practitioner, is amazing. I have suffered from frequent, debilitating headaches for almost 20 years.... She has provided the best proactive and responsive care I have ever received. My quality of life has been greatly improved by her caring approach and tenacity in finding solutions.read more
Ellie Natsis
Ellie Natsis
15:41 07 Jan 21
I have had the best experience at this neurologist's office! For over a year I have been receiving iv treatments here... each month and my nurse, Bobbie is beyond wonderful!! She's so attentive, knowledgeable, caring, and detail oriented. She makes an otherwise uncomfortable experience much more pleasant and definitely puts me at ease! She also helps me with my insurance,ordering this specialty medication and dealing with the ordering process which is no easy feat.Needless to say, she goes above a beyond in every way and I'm so grateful to this office and to Bobbie for all they do for me!read more
Matt Morris
Matt Morris
15:39 07 Jan 21
Let me start by saying that I have been coming here for years. Due to my autoimmune disease, I am in this office... once every three weeks for multiple hours at a time. The office is very clean and the staff very friendly. My only complaint would be there communication via phone. They aren't the best at responding if you leave a voicemail and expect a call back. I understand that this is prob just due to the sheer number of alls they receive daily. What I can say I like the best about the office are the people. Bobby who handles my infusions is great. I never have any issues with her setting up my infusions. She is very quick to reply to messages sent via text and if she were to leave then my whole opinion of the office may change. I also enjoy people like Matt, Lauren, and Jodi. I appreciate all that they do for me and without this team I'm not sure I would be as happy as I am to visit the office as frequently as I have to. Please ensure that these folks are recognized as they are what makes my visit to this office so tolerable :).read more
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